Symptoms
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Loss of leaves or needles; death of shoots, twigs, branches and rarely the whole tree; hail wounds are typically located on the upper surface of a twig or branch; they are variing considerably in size and shape dependent on the size of the hailstones as well as the type of the bark; they are mostly roundish, heavy hail storms may detach twigs and branches or peeling off the bark.
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Impact
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Hail may defoliate whole stands; the wounds may be – depending on the tree species, places of infection for bark damaging fungi (see Cytospora-species) or bluestain fungi. Furthermore, they may weaken trees and make them susceptible to various secondary parasites.
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Control
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Removal of heavily damaged trees to prevent development of populations of secondary biotic agents
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Hosts |
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All tree species;
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Affected plant parts
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Leaf;
Needle;
Shoot/Twig/Branch;
Stem;
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